It was a real pleasure to write a paper with Prof Magdalena Plebanski on the top of immunological sensing. Prof Plebanski is an internationally recognised immunologist with unique expertise in the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system in vivo. The key challenge in immunological sensing is that the analytes (including cytokines, immune cells, etc) are present in very low concentrations. Furthermore activation of cells in the immune system involves active secretion and uptake of cytokines and related molecules, hence dynamic analysis of immune analytes is likely very important.